1. Idell S, Rahman NM. Intrapleural Fibrinolytic Therapy for empyema and Pleural Loculation: Knowns and Unknowns. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018; 15 (5): 515–517.
2. Mathew JL. Intrapleural Fibrinolytic Therapy in Empyema Thoracis: Where are we now and where do we go from here? Indian J Pediatr. 2019; 86(12):1081–1082.
3. Shen KR, Bribriesco A, Crabtree T, et al. The American Association for Thoracic Surgery consensus guidelines for the management of empyema. 2017. Volume 153, Issue 6, Pages e129–e146.
4. Singh G, Pitoyo CW, Nasir AUZ et al. Update on the Role of Intrapleural Fibrinolytic Therapy in the Management of Complicated Parapneumonic Effusions and Empyema. Acta Med Indones-Indones J Intern Med. 2012; 44 (3): 258-264.
5. Ahmed AH, Yacoub TE. Intrapleural therapy in management of complicated parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications. 2010; 2: 213–221.
6. Maskell NA, Davies CW, Nunn AJ, et al. U.K. Controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase for pleural infection. N Engl J Med, 2005 May 19. 352(20):2146.
7. Rahman NM, Maskell NA, West A, et al. Intrapleural use of tissue plasminogen activator and DNase in pleural infection. N Engl J Med, 2011 Aug 11. 365(6):518-26. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1012740.
8. Davies HE, Davies RJO, Davies CWH. Management of pleural infection in adults: British Thoracic Society pleural disease guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010; 65:ii41–ii53.
9. Altmann ES, Crossingham I, Wilson S, Davies HR. Intra‐pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD002312. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002312.pub4.
10. Bédat B, Plojoux J, Noel J, et al. Comparison of intrapleural use of urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator/DNAse in pleural infection. ERJ Open Research, 2019 5: 00084-2019; DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00084-2019
11. Abu-Daff,S, Maziak DE, Alshehab D, et al. Intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy (IPFT) in loculated pleural effusions—analysis of predictors for failure of therapy and bleeding: a cohort study. BMJ Open, 2013. 3(2), e001887. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001887