Gangguan Fungsi Pembekuan Darah Pasca Vaksinasi COVID-19

Oleh :

dr. Hendra Gunawan SpPD

Semakin meluasnya pemberian vaksin COVID-19 menyebabkan semakin banyaknya laporan efek samping. Efek samping yang dilaporkan pun beragam, dari efek samping minimal hingga berat seperti gangguan fungsi pembekuan darah (termasuk pengentalan darah) pasca vaksinasi COVID-19.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) merupakan salah satu pandemi penyakit infeksi yang menjangkit seluruh dunia.[1] Salah satu strategi untuk menekan laju penularan dan pandemi adalah dengan vaksinasi (berbagai tipe vaksin COVID-19 sudah banyak dilaporkan). Dengan melakukan vaksinasi, diharapkan tubuh dapat membentuk antibodi yang dapat melawan infeksi virus SARS-CoV-2 saat virus tersebut masuk ke tubuh kita sehingga dapat mengurangi derajat keparahan penyakit saat terinfeksi COVID-19.[2]

(Konten ini khusus untuk dokter. Registrasi untuk baca selengkapnya)

Referensi

1. World Health Organization. WHO characterizes COVID-19 as a pandemic Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Tersedia di: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Benefits of Getting a COVID-19 Vaccine Washington DC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2021 Tersedia di: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/vaccine-benefits.html.
3. Greinacher A, Thiele T, Warkentin TE, Weisser K, Kyrle PA, Eichinger S. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2021;NEJMoa2104840. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2104840.
4. Lee EJ, Cines DB, Gernsheimer T, Kessler C, Michel M, Tarantino MD, et al. Thrombocytopenia following Pfizer and Moderna SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Am J Hematol. 2021;96(5):534-7.
5. Helms J, Ansteatt K, Roberts J, Kamatam S, Foong K, Labayog J, et al. Severe, Refractory Immune Thrombocytopenia Occurring After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. Dovepress. 2021(12):221-4.
6. Schultz NH, Sørvoll IH, Michelsen AE, et al. Thrombosis and Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2021;NEJMoa2104882. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2104882.
7. Scully M, Singh D, Lown R, et al. Pathologic Antibodies to Platelet Factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination.N Engl J Med. 2021;NEJMoa2105385. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2105385.
8. Pottegård A, Lund LC, Karlstad Ø, et al. Arterial events, venous thromboembolism, thrombocytopenia, and bleeding after vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S in Denmark and Norway: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2021;373:n1114. Published 2021 May 5. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1114
9. Nagasaki J, Manabe M, Ido K, Ichihara H, Aoyama Y, Ohta T, et al. Postinfluenza Vaccination Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Three Elderly Patients. Case Reports in Hematology. 2016;2016:7913092.
10. Cecinati V, Principi N, Brescia L, Giordano P, Esposito S. Vaccine administration and the development of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013;9(5):1158-62.
11. Mantadakis E, Farmaki E, Buchanan GR. Thrombocytopenic purpura after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination: a systematic review of the literature and guidance for management. J Pediatr. 2010;156(4):623-8.
12. Park SH, Jang S, Shim H, Park G-B, Park C-J, Chi H-S, et al. Usefulness of anti-PF4/heparin antibody test for intensive care unit patients with thrombocytopenia. Korean J Hematol. 2012;47(1):39-43.
13. Al-Samkari H, Kuter DJ. Optimal use of thrombopoietin receptor agonists in immune thrombocytopenia. Therapeutic Advances in Hematology. 2019;2019:2040620719841735.
14. International Society of Hemostasis and Thrombosis. STATEMENT FROM THE ISTH ON REPORTS INDICATING BLOOD CLOTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ASTRAZENECA VACCINE Carrboro2021. Tersedia di: https://www.isth.org/news/559981/Statement-from-the-ISTH-on-Reports-Indicating-Blood-Clots-Associated-With-the-AstraZeneca-Vaccine-.htm
15. Health Organization. Statement of the WHO Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) COVID-19 subcommittee on safety signals related to the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. Tersedia di: https://www.who.int/news/item/19-03-2021-statement-of-the-who-global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety-(gacvs)-covid-19-subcommittee-on-safety-signals-related-to-the-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine.
16. Rekomendasi PAPDI tentang Pemberian Vaksinasi COVID-19 (AstraZeneca). Jakarta: Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Penyakit Dalam Indonesia, 26 April 2021 2021.

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