Prognosis Epispadia

Oleh :

Josephine Darmawan

Prognosis epispadia bergantung dari kecepatan diagnosis, ekstensi abnormalitas, dan keberhasilan pembedahan. Pasien dengan epispadia yang lebih berat (epispadia penopubik dan bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex/BEEC) dan terlambat terdiagnosis memiliki prognosis yang lebih buruk. Inkontinensia urine, infertilitas, dan gangguan psikologis merupakan komplikasi epispadia.[8,16,21,31]

Komplikasi

Komplikasi epispadia yang paling sering terjadi adalah inkontinensia urine. Sebanyak 20% pasien dengan BEEC dan epispadia penopubik tetap mengalami inkontinensia pascaoperasi.[16]

Referensi

4. Merguerian PA, Rowe CK. Developmental Abnormalities of the Genitourinary System. In: Gleason J, Juul S, editors. Avery’s Diseases of the Newborn. 10th ed. Washington: Elsevier Inc.; 2017. h. 1260–73.
7. Nawaz G, Muhammad S, Jamil M, Rehman A, Khawaja M, Hussain I, et al. Female Epispadias: spot diagnosis and simple reconstrution. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2014;26:616–7.
8. Spinoit A-F, Claeys T, Bruneel E, Ploumidis A, Van Laecke E, Hoebeke P. Isolated Male Epispadias: Anatomic Functional Restoration Is the Primary Goal. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:1–4.
10. Bos EME, Kuijper CF, Chrzan RJ, Dik P, Klijn AJ, De Jong TPVM. Epispadias in boys with an intact prepuce. J Pediatr Urol. 2014;10:67–73.
13. Parmar SC. Impotentia Coeundi and Impotentia Generandi: A Male Infertility. Res J Sci Technol. 2016;8:113.
16. Jayachandran D, Bythell M, Platt MW, Rankin J. Register based study of bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex: Prevalence, associated anomalies, prenatal diagnosis and survival. J Urol. 2011;186:2056–61.
21. Cho P, Cendron M. The surgical management of male epispadias in the new millennium. Curr Urol Rep. 2014;15:1–5.
29. Inouye BM, Tourchi A, Di Carlo HN, Young EE, Gearhart JP. Modern Management of the Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex. Surg Res Pract. 2014;2014:587064.
30. Hankinson JC, Eldridge MA, Ostrander R, Shah B, Reynolds EK, Perry-Parrish C, et al. Emotional and behavioral functioning in children with bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex: A developmental perspective. J Pediatr Urol. 2014;10:136-41.
31. Bhat A, Bhat M, Kumar R, Kumar V. Functional and cosmetic outcome of partial penile disassembly repair in isolated male epispadias patients. African J Urol. 2017;23:240–4.
32. Rourke K, Braga LH. Transitioning patients with hypospadias and other penile abnormalities to adulthood: What to expect? Can Urol Assoc J. 2018;12:S27–33.
33. Mahajan J, Kattragada L. Exstrophy epispadias complex - Issues beyond the initial repair. Indian J Urol. 2012;28:382-7.
37. Stewart D, Inouye BM, Goldstein SD, Shah BB, Massanyi EZ, DiCarlo H, et al. Pediatric surgical complications of major genitourinary reconstruction in the exstrophy-epispadias complex. J Pediatr Surg. 2015;50:167–70.
38. European Society for Paediatric Urology. Guidelines on paediatric urology. European Association of Urology. 2015.

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Referensi

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