Pendahuluan Astigmatisme

Oleh :

dr.Michael Wiryadana

Astigmatisme atau mata silinder adalah kelainan visus di mana berkas sinar yang datang ke mata tidak dipusatkan pada satu titik fokus. Kondisi ini terjadi apabila terdapat salah satu permukaan media refraksi berbentuk torik, baik pada kornea, intraokular, maupun keduanya.[1-3]

Istilah astigmatisme pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Thomas Young pada awal 1800-an, untuk mendeskripsikan kelainan refraksi di mana terdapat perbedaan kekuatan (power) refraksi di meridian. Astigmatisme berasal dari bahasa Yunani, yaitu “a” yang berarti tanpa dan “stigmos” yang berarti titik.[1-3]

Astigmatisme didiagnosis berdasarkan hasil anamnesis, pemeriksaan visus, dan pemeriksaan refraksi. Pemeriksaan penunjang yang dapat dilakukan adalah pemeriksaan topografi dan tomografi kornea, serta wavefront aberrometry. Koreksi astigmatisme dapat dilakukan dengan penggunaan kacamata, lensa kontak, atau bedah refraktif seperti LASIK.[2,3]

Referensi

1. Brodie SE. Optics of the Human Eye. In: 2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 03 Clinical Optics. California, San Fransisco: American Academy of Opthalmology; 2022. p. 136–9.
2. Chuck RS, Jacobs DS, et al. Refractive Errors & Refractive Surgery Preferred Practice Pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2017;125(1):P1–104. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.10.003
3. Sinjab MM. Introduction to Astigmatism and Corneal Irregularities. In: Sinjab MM, Cummings AB, editors. Customized Laser Vision Correction. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018. p. 1–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72263-4_1
4. Namba H, Sugano A, et al. Age-Related Changes in Astigmatism and Potential Causes. Cornea. 2020 Nov;39 Suppl 1:S34–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/ico.0000000000002507
5. Harb EN, Wildsoet CF. Origins of Refractive Errors: Environmental and Genetic Factors. Annu Rev Vis Sci. 2019 Sep 15;5:47–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-091718-015027
6. Mohammadi SF, Khorrami-Nejad M, et al. Posterior corneal astigmatism: a review article. Clin Optom (Auckl). 2019;11:85–96. DOI : https://doi.org/10.2147%2FOPTO.S210721
7. Núñez MX, Henriquez MA, et al. Consensus on the management of astigmatism in cataract surgery. Clin Ophthalmol. 2019;13:311–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s178277
8. Shah RL, Guggenheim JA, UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium. Genome-wide association studies for corneal and refractive astigmatism in UK Biobank demonstrate a shared role for myopia susceptibility loci. Hum Genet. 2018 Dec;137(11–12):881–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-018-1942-8
9. Woltsche N, Werkl P, et al. Astigmatism. Ophthalmologe. 2019 Mar;116(3):293–304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00347-019-0865-7
10. Zhang J, Dhariwal M, et al. Epidemiology and burden of astigmatism: a systematic literature review. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2022 Jun 1;63(7):3538-A0118.
11. Hashemi H, Fotouhi A, et al. Global and regional estimates of prevalence of refractive errors: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2017 Sep 27;30(1):3–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joco.2017.08.009
12. Harvey EM, McGrath ER, et al. A preliminary study of astigmatism and early childhood development. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2018 Aug 1;22(4):294–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2018.03.004
13. Handriwei H, Amalia H. Ketepatan Hasil pengukuran Keratometri Dengan ukuran Astigmatisme Pada Ametropia. Jurnal Biomedika dan Kesehatan. 2020;3(3):131–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18051/JBiomedKes.2020.v3.131-136
14. Sitompul R, Lestari YD, et al. The burden of ocular diseases in an underdeveloped village in Southwest Sumba, Eastern Indonesia, 2016. Medical Journal of Indonesia. 2018;26(4):277–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v26i4.1808
15. Mohammed Dhaiban TS, et al. Types and Presentation of Refractive Error among Individuals Aged 0–30 Years: Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study, Yemen. Adv Med. 2021 Jul 5;2021:5557761. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5557761
16. Daiber HF, Gnugnoli DM. Visual Acuity. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563298/
17. Gurnani B, Kaur K. Astigmatism. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls. 2022. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582142/
18. Biscevic A, Pjano M, et al. History of Astigmatism Diagnostics. Int J Biomed Healthc.2019; 7(1):42-48
19. Vincent SJ, Cho P, et al. CLEAR - Orthokeratology. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2021 Apr;44(2):240–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2021.02.003
20. Wallace DK, Morse CL, et al. Pediatric Eye Evaluations Preferred Practice Pattern®: I. Vision Screening in the Primary Care and Community Setting; II. Comprehensive Ophthalmic Examination. Ophthalmology. 2017;125(1):P184–227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.09.032
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22. Chuck RS, Dunn SP, et al. Comprehensive Adult Medical Eye Evaluation Preferred Practice Pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2020;128(1):P1–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.10.024\
23. Najmi H. The correlation between Keratoconus and eye rubbing: A Review. International Journal of Ophthalmology. 2019;12(11):1775–81. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2019.11.17

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